Critical Care Pharmacy Specialty Review Course, Workbook Chapters, and Practice Exam (No Recert Credit) (L259169)

These activities are intended for pharmacists who are seeking to update their knowledge and skills commensurate with a board certification examination in the areas listed below.

This course consists of 5 activities containing a total of 20 topics (see table below) and provides up to 22.25 contact hours of continuing pharmacy education credit The Review Course includes case-based presentations for application to real-life scenarios, a practice exam along with correct answers, and links to the reference sources, and domains, tasks, and knowledge statements. To help you further prepare, this package includes a compilation of practice questions in the same format and rigor to help you prepare for the BPS Specialty Examination.   

After participating in this CPE activity, learners should be able to: 

Group 1
ACPE #: 0217-9999-25-186-H01-P

Evolution and Validation of Practice Standards, Training, and Professional Development

• Describe landmark events in the evolution of critical care pharmacy as a specialty, including summarizing key published documents and primary evidence validating critical care pharmacy as a specialty.
• Identify the core knowledge areas for pharmacists caring for critically ill patients.
• Outline criteria for credentialing, conventional training pathways and mentorship, and standards of practice for clinical pharmacy in the critical care practice environment.
• Develop an approach to conducting a gap analysis relative to the principles and values of team- based care in a local critical care practice environment.
• Develop an approach to lifelong professional learning to maintain competency in critical care pharmacy practice using the principles of continuing personal professional development.
• Identify the avenues and processes for contributing to the critical care body of knowledge as a presenter, author, or peer reviewer.
• Research Design, Biostatistics, and Literature Evaluation
• Identify factors influencing the conduct of essential critical care research.
• Evaluate the appropriateness of various statistical tests for a set of data.
• Apply concepts of research design and analysis to clinical care.

Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Disorders, and Nutrition Support

• Describe normal fluid requirements and common patient conditions that alter fluid needs and homeostasis.
• Develop an appropriate assessment and treatment plan for common electrolyte disorders in critically ill patients.
• Correctly identify complex acid-base disorders based on a patient’s laboratory data and clinical course.
• Specify the appropriate route (parenteral or enteral) of nutrition administration, energy and protein needs, and key micronutrients to be provided to a critically ill patient.
• Develop an appropriate assessment of the tolerance, safety, and efficacy of an enteral or parenteral nutrition regimen.

Protocol Development and Quality Improvement

• Determine the steps involved in the development of a guideline and/or policy.
• Design a medication use evaluation (MUE) with selection of an appropriate medication and/or medication-related process suitable for an MUE.
• Determine the appropriate quality improvement tool to use in order to optimize outcomes in a critically ill patient population.
• Identify processes or quality improvement initiatives that would benefit from a gap analysis.
• Describe the types of pharmacotherapeutic interventions and documentation processes to justify the value of clinical pharmacy services.
• Pharmacoeconomics and Safe Medication Use; Infectious Diseases I; Infectious Diseases II; Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics

Group 2:
ACPE #: 0217-9999-25-187-H01-P

Pharmacoeconomics and Safe Medication Use

• Apply the principles of pharmacoeconomics to patient care.
• Differentiate between a medication error, an adverse drug event (ADE), a preventable ADE, and an adverse drug reaction (ADR).
• Design an ADE reporting program, including committee structure, committee reporting mechanisms, and methods of detecting, reporting, and managing ADEs.
• Provide recommendations for improving medication use safety using the 2017 SCCM Safe Medication Use Guidelines for the ICU.
• Provide safety measures for drug interaction detection and prevention.
• Develop a drug formulary proposal.

Infectious Diseases I

• Develop risk factor–based empiric antibiotic regimens for patients with suspected ventilator- associated pneumonia.
• Develop empiric and definitive antimicrobial therapy plans for patients with central line- associated bloodstream infections and catheter-related urinary tract infections.
• Differentiate between location of intra-abdominal infections and respective empiric antimicrobial therapy, including the role of antibiotics in patients with acute pancreatitis.
• Develop a definitive management strategy for critically ill patients with severe Clostridioides difficile infection.
• Describe the role of pharmacotherapy and recommend appropriate therapy for patients with severe postoperative wound infection or severe cutaneous infections.
• Identify a disease-specific and supportive care management plan for critically ill patients with severe influenza and novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Infectious Diseases II

• Compose a plan to incorporate quality metrics (e.g., prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and catheter-related bloodstream infections) into pre- and postsurgical care.
• Identify key members of, common strategies, and tools (including biomarkers and rapid diagnostic tests) used by an antimicrobial stewardship team.
• Provide empiric antibiotic therapy recommendations for critically ill patients with community- acquired or health care–associated meningitis.
• Evaluate therapeutic options for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens in the intensive care unit (ICU).
• Devise an optimal treatment plan for critically ill immunocompromised patients with infectious diseases.

Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics

• Describe the changes in critically ill patients that alter drug absorption.
• Explain how critical illness affects drug distribution.
• Depict the effects of changing hepatic blood flow, intrinsic activity, and protein binding on drug metabolism.
• Differentiate between different critically ill patient populations and the expected pharmacokinetic (PK) changes.
• Identify the desired pharmacodynamic variables associated with efficacy in select drugs.

Group 3
ACPE #: 0217-9999-25-188-H01-P

Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient

• Define acute kidney injury (AKI).
• Differentiate between common categories of drug-induced kidney disease.
• Discuss key principles of continuous kidney replacement therapy (KRT), including indications, timing, and circuit components.
• Apply drug-dosing concepts in continuous KRT to estimate a sieving coefficient, saturation coefficient, and/or drug clearance on the basis of drug characteristics and device settings.

Neurocritical Care

• Identify pertinent pathophysiologic and laboratory changes that acutely occur after neurologic injuries and require therapeutic intervention.
• Describe monitoring devices commonly used in neurocritical care patients that help develop and optimize treatment strategies.
• Develop an evidence-based treatment strategy for neurocritical care patients that optimizes patient outcomes and reduces the risk of adverse drug effects and drug interactions.
• Recommend a monitoring plan to assess response to therapeutic regimens and specific therapeutic goals for neurocritical care patients.
• Develop new plans of care for neurocritical care patients according to therapeutic and adverse outcomes and progress toward therapeutic goals.

Cardiovascular Critical Care I

• Develop an appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen based on a patient’s hemodynamic status and objective cardiac findings.
• Design a treatment plan for patients with cardiogenic shock.
• Develop treatment plans for critically ill patients with cardiovascular diseases, including, but not limited to, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), and valvular disease.
• Recognize the usefulness of mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation for patients with advanced HF and cardiogenic shock, as well as the common complications associated with these interventions.

Cardiovascular Critical Care II

• Manage cardiac arrest from the initiation of basic life support to the use of post–cardiac arrest care.
• List the indications and special considerations for medication administration during cardiac arrest.
• Categorize the patient groups that should receive temperature control after cardiac arrest.
• Develop treatment plans for common complications of temperature control after cardiac arrest.
• Analyze the therapeutic goals and clinical indications for the medications used in hypertensive emergency.

Group 4
ACPE #: 0217-9999-25-189-H01-P

Hepatic Failure/GI/Endocrine Emergencies

• Develop a treatment strategy to help manage and reduce the complications associated with acute liver failure (ALF).
• Construct a plan for pharmacologic, nutritional, and surgical management of acute pancreatitis based on the severity of an episode.
• Identify risk factors and treatment options for gastrointestinal fistulas, postoperative ileus, and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
• Design a treatment plan for patients who present with an acute upper gastrointestinal bleed.
• Differentiate between the main endocrine emergencies in the intensive care and their appropriate treatment regimens.

Supportive and Preventive Medicine

• Identify the key components of intensive care medicine that can be applied to all critically ill patients.
• Recommend therapeutic options to prevent stress-related mucosal disease.
• Recommend therapeutic options to prevent venous thromboembolism in a critically ill patient.
• Compare therapeutic options for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
• Discuss medications that can be used to comfort a critically ill patient at the end of life.
• Examine the pharmacists’ role in disaster response.
• Examine the role of social determinants of health in patient outcomes.

Shock Syndromes I

• Distinguish between the various shock syndromes on the basis of a patient’s clinical and hemodynamic parameters.
• Interpret hemodynamic data from monitoring devices and markers of perfusion.
• Devise a treatment strategy for when to use intravenous fluids and/or vasopressors in a patient with shock.
• Develop a treatment pathway for the care of patients with sepsis or septic shock that incorporates current evidence and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guideline recommendations.

Shock Syndromes II

• Identify critical determinants affecting oxygen delivery and the physiologic response to hypovolemic and obstructive shock.
• Evaluate resuscitation strategies and end points in the management of hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, and obstructive shock.
• Devise a treatment strategy for pharmacotherapy adjuncts in the management of bleeding and acute coagulopathy when treating patients with hemorrhagic shock.
• Develop a treatment pathway for the care of patients receiving anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents for a life-threatening hemorrhage or critical bleeding that incorporates current evidence and guideline recommendations.
• Apply risk stratification to guide the effective and safe use of thrombolytic agents in the management of acute pulmonary embolism.

Group 5
ACPE #: 0217-9999-25-190-H01-P

Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, Sleep Disruption, and Neuromuscular Blockade

• Develop a management strategy for the prevention and treatment of pain, agitation/sedation, and delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption (PADIS) in an intensive care unit (ICU) patient with various comorbidities.
• Discuss relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations of PADIS medications as they pertain to disturbances in critical care physiology.
• Identify relevant adverse effects, drug interactions, and drug withdrawal syndromes in the management of PADIS.
• Evaluate patients in the ICU for PADIS using a validated screening tool.
• Construct a plan for the management of delirium.
• Identify the long-term effects of critical illness in adult ICU patients.
• Create a management strategy for PADIS-related medications that are continued beyond ICU discharge.
• Describe a treatment and monitoring plan for critically ill patients receiving neuromuscular blockade.

Pulmonary Disorders I

• Recommend an evidence-based therapeutic plan to manage critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
• Assess appropriateness of drug therapy for endotracheal intubation, including agents for premedication, induction, and neuromuscular blockade.
• Evaluate key variables and commonly used modes for treatment with mechanical ventilation.

Pulmonary Disorders II

• Design a treatment plan for a cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbation.
• Develop a pharmacotherapy plan for pulmonary artery hypertension using a risk assessment– based strategy.
• Describe classifications and risk factors for increased severity of asthma exacerbation and treatment plans for patients with acute respiratory failure caused by asthma exacerbation.
• Recognize evidence-based treatment options for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Toxicology

• Distinguish between the common clinical toxidromes associated with acute poisonings.
• Describe the general management of a patient with an acute overdose.
• Determine the best options for the management of selected toxins.
• Develop a patient care plan for a patient presenting with an acute overdose.
• Identify the adverse effects and monitoring of the patient who is poisoned.

The Core Therapeutic Modules Review Package consists of 10 activities in which faculty review clinical topics and practice skills using a case-based approach. The activities are designed to assist the learner in identifying knowledge gaps in preparation for a pharmacy specialty board examination. In addition to a recorded presentation, each activity includes links to resources for further self-study and a practice test developed in the same format and rigor as the specialty exam.

After participating in these CPE activities, learners should be able to:

Select Topics in Acid-Base Disorders
ACPE #: 0204-0000-21-610-H01-P

For the following specific acid/base disorders - respiratory, metabolic acid base disorders including anion gap/non-anion gap acidosis, renal tubular acidosis, as well as delta gap equation:

•  Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests.
• Recommend the most appropriate treatment and monitoring plans based on patient-specific information and current guidelines

Select Topics in Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Patients
ACPE #: 0204-0000-22-643-H01-P

For the following specific infectious disease topics: urinary tract infections, meningitis, catheter related infections, bacteremia, and infective endocarditis:

• Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests.
• Recommend the most appropriate treatment and monitoring plans based on patient-specific information and current guidelines.

Select Neurology Topics in Critical Care Patients
ACPE #: 0204-0000-20-990-H01-P

• For the following specific critical care topics: status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage:
  • Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests.
  • Evaluate benefits and risks of drug therapy considering other medication, and other patient-specific factors.
  • Recommend the most appropriate treatment and monitoring plans based on patient-specific information and current guidelines.

Alterations in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Critical Care
ACPE #: 0204-0000-21-611-H01-P

• Identify pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) changes that occur in critical illness, and the impact on commonly administered medications in this setting.
• Apply knowledge of general PK/PD changes in critical illness to the following patient-specific factors that further complicate drug dosing:
  • Burns
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

• Develop a therapeutic strategy to optimize PK/PK for commonly used medications in the intensive care unit. "

Select Topics in Prevention and Supportive Care in Critical Care Patients
ACPE #: 0204-0000-20-991-H01-P

For the following specific critical care topics─stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP), venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, bowel regimens, and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention:

• Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests.
• Recommend the most appropriate treatment and monitoring plans based on patient-specific information and current guidelines.

Select Topics in Toxicology
ACPE #: 0204-0000-21-612-H01-P

For the following specific toxicology topics: acetaminophen, toxic alcohols, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, opioids, and ecstasy:

• Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests
• Recommend the most appropriate treatment and monitoring plans based on patient-specific information and current guidelines.

Select Topics in Pulmonary Disorders
ACPE #: 0204-0000-22-644-H01-P

For the following specific pulmonary disease topics: asthma exacerbation, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary arterial hypertension:

• Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests.
• Recommend the most appropriate treatment and monitoring plans based on patient-specific information and current guidelines.

Cardiac Arrhythmias and Advanced Cardiac Life Support
ACPE #: 0204-0000-20-992-H01-P

• Interpret signs, symptoms and diagnostic tests for cardiac arrhythmias.
• Identify drug-related problems, including drug interactions and adverse effects, associated with pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmias.
• Identify strategies to prevent drug-induced arrhythmias.
• Recommend therapy and monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias based on patient-specific information, current guidelines and Advanced Cardiac Life Support guided therapies.

Pharmacotherapy Considerations in the Management of Shock
ACPE #: 0204-0000-20-993-H01-P

• Interpret diagnostic and/or laboratory tests, vital signs, and clinical presentation in order to differentiate types of shock (hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic)
• Compare and contrast the pharmacologic agents utilized in shock
• Recommend therapy and monitoring based on patient-specific information and current guidelines for the treatment of shock

Fluid, Electrolytes, and Nutrition
ACPE #: 0204-0000-22-617-H01-P

• Interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests for fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition status.
• Recommend the most appropriate therapy and monitoring in patients with fluid, electrolyte, and nutritional disorders based on patient-specific information and current guidelines.
• Apply strategies to manage drug-related electrolyte interactions and nutrient interactions.

Faculty Bios

Mahmoud A. Ammar, Pharm.D., MBA, FCCM, BCPS, BCCCP
Senior Critical Care Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Yale New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut 

Stephanie Bass, Pharm.D., FCCP, BCPS, BCCCP*
Medical ICU Clinical Pharmacist
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio 

Grace E. Benanti, Pharm.D., BCCCP
Critical Care Clinical Pharmacist – Medical ICU
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood, Illinois

Paige Garber Bradshaw, Pharm.D., BCCCP
Critical Care Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
UC Health – University of Cincinnati Medical Center
Adjunct Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences
University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy
Cincinnati, Ohio 

Christopher A. Droege, Pharm.D., FCCP, FASHP, FCCM
Manager, Clinical Pharmacy and Infusion Services
UC Health – University of Cincinnati Medical Center
Adjunct Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences
University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy
Cincinnati, Ohio 

Julie E. Farrar, Pharm.D., BCCCP
Assistant Professor
University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy
Memphis, Tennessee 

Megan E. Feeney, Pharm.D., BCCCP
Clinical Pharmacy Manager, ICU & Surgery
Boston Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts 

Gabrielle A. Gibson, Pharm.D., FCCM, BCPS, BCCCP*
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri 

Jamie Robenolt Gray, Pharm.D., FCCM, BCCCP
System Director of Medication Safety and Policy
Temple University Health System;
PGY1 Residency Program Director
Temple University Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

Ashley Hawthorne, Pharm.D., BCCCP
Assistant Clinical Professor
Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy
Mobile, Alabama 

David M. Hill, Pharm.D., M.S., FCCP, FCCM, BCPS, BCCCP
Clinical Pharmacist
Director of Burn Research
Regional One Health
Memphis, Tennessee 

Mollie G. Lumpkin, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCCCP
Clinical Pharmacist
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio 

Casey C. May, Pharm.D., FNCS, BCCCP
Associate Professor – Clinical
The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy;
Specialty Practice Pharmacist – Neurocritical Care
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio 

Eric W. Mueller, Pharm.D., FCCP, FCCM*
Director, Acute Care and Infusion Pharmacy Services
UC Health-University of Cincinnati Medical Center & West Chester Hospital;
Adjunct Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Administration
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 

Sajni V. Patel, Pharm.D., BCCP
Clinical Pharmacy Coordinator, Cardiology Services
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Cardiac ICU
The University of Chicago Medicine
Chicago, Illinois 

Gretchen L. Sacha, Pharm.D., FCCM, BCCCP*
Critical Care Clinical Pharmacist
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio 

Jacob S. Schwarz, Pharm.D., MBA, FAzPA, BCIDP, BCPS, BCCCP
Critical Care Pharmacist
Mayo Clinic
Phoenix, Arizona 

Keaton S. Smetana, Pharm.D., MBA, FCCM, FNCS
Clinical Pharmacy Manager
OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital
Columbus, Ohio 

Zachary R. Smith, Pharm.D., FCCP, FCCM, BCPS, BCCCP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist; Critical Care, Pulmonary Hypertension
Henry Ford Hospital
Detroit, Michigan 

Joanna L. Stollings, Pharm.D., FCCP, FCCM, BCPS, BCCCP
MICU Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee

Joseph M. Swanson, Pharm.D., FCCP, FCCM
Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science
Assistant Director of Experiential Education and International Programs
University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy
Memphis, Tennessee 

Kyle A. Weant, Pharm.D., FCCP, BCPS, BCCCP
Clinical Assistant Professor-Emergency Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy
Columbia, South Carolina 

Patrick M. Wieruszewski, Pharm.D., FCCM, BCCCP
Critical Care Pharmacist – Cardiothoracic Surgery & ECMO Program
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy – College of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota 

Adrian Wong, Pharm.D., MPH, FCCP, FCCM, BCCCP*
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Medical ICU
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

*Content Matter Experts

Amy Albertson Mgonja, PharmD, BCGP, CPPS
Emily Ambizas, PharmD, MPH, BCGP
Akua Asare-Addo, PharmD, MPH, BCGP, BCPS
Antonina Benoit, PharmD, BCGP
Marina Boutros, RPH, BCGP
Kelsey Burke, PharmD, BCGP
Julie Caler, PharmD, BCGP
Tina Caliendo, PharmD, BCGP, BCACP
Timothy Carbone, PharmD, BCGP, MBA
Rebecca Carle, PharmD, BCGP
Gara Coffey, PharmD, BCGP
Christin Davis, PharmD, BCACP, BCGP
Virginia Eliason, PharmD, BCGP
Hebatalla Elmotayam, PharmD, BCCCP, BCGP, MBA
Cynthia Feucht, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Jennifer Fix, PharmD, MBA, BCGP
Torri Fuller, PharmD, BCGP
Grace Gana, B. Pharm, MS Pharm, BCGP, BMTMS
Grace  Gana, B. Pharm, MS Pharm, BCGP, BCMTMS
Christinia George, RPh, BCGP
Kathy Grams, PharmD, BSPharmacy, BCGP
Mark Haddad, PharmD, BCGP
Zachary Hopkins, PharmD, BCGP
Anh Ison, PharmD BCGP
Kelly Jamieson, PharmD, BCGP
Klara Janis, PharmD, BCACP, BCGP, CDCES
Shella Johnson, PharmD, BCGP
Daniel Julien, PharmD, BCGP
Samantha  Kaeberlein, PharmD, BCGP
Megan Kaiser, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Tessa Kelly, PharmD, BCACP, BCGP
Michelle Kloppman, BS in Pharmacy, BCGP
David Kramp, PharmD, BCGP
Carmen Kulig, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP, DPLA
Nancy Laux, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Kevin Lazaruk, BPharm, BCGP, CDP
Nicole Lee, PharmD, BCGP, BCACP
Matthew Maddox, PharmD, JD, BCACP, BCGP
Shingayi Molai, PharmD, BCGP
Bradley Newell, PharmD, BCACP, BCGP, BC-ADM, FASCP
Sarah Norman, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP, BCGP
Tiffany O'Keefe, PharmD, BCGP
Rosalyn Otting, PharmD, BCGP
Susan Pfoertner, BS Pharm, PharmD, BCGP
Carly Ranson, PharmD, BCGP
Mohammad Rattu, PharmD, BCOP, BCPS, BCGP
Jocelyn Reynoso, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP, BCSCP
Valerie Riggs, BSPharm, BCGP
Lindsay Sampson, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Nahirony  Sanchez, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Abigail Scarpellini, PharmD, BCGP
Elise Shepard, PharmD, BCGP
Erin Silvester (Emonds), PharmD, BCGP
Cole Sloan, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP, BCEMP
Miranda Smith, PharmD, BCGP, PMP
Regine St Germain, PharmD, BCGP
Stephanie Stewart, PharmD, MBA, BCGP
Bovornpat Suriyapakorn, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Birgit Swartwout, PharmD, BCGP
Xingwu Teng, PharmD, PhD, BCGP, BCPS
Tamara Thompson, PharmD, BCGP
Molly Tice, PharmD, BCGP
Sheyli Tripathi, PharmD, BCGP
Jennifer Tunoa, PharmD, BCACP, BCGP
Pamela Vickery, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP, BCGP
Agnes Vitarini, PharmD
Michele Walker, PharmD, BCGP
Tyler Walsh, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Salome Weaver, PharmD, BCGP, FASCP
Rita Weiss, PharmD, Esq, BCGP
Paul Chin-Hung Wong, PharmD, BCGP, BCPS
Christine Wu, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP
Katherine Yep, PharmD, BCGP

In accordance with the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education’s Standards for Commercial Support and the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education’s Standards for Commercial Support, ACCP and ASHP requires that all individuals involved in the development of activity content disclose their relevant financial relationships. A person has a relevant financial relationship if the individual of his or her spouse/partner has a financial relationship (e.g., employee, consultant, research grant recipient, speaker’s bureau, or stockholder) in any amount occurring the in the last 24 months with a commercial interest whose products or series may be discussed in the educational activity content over which the individual has control. The existence of these relationships is provided for the information of participants and should not be assumed to have an adverse impact on the content. 

All faculty and planners for ACCP and ASHP education activities are qualified and selected by ACCP and ASHP and required to disclose any relevant financial relationships with commercial interests. ACCP and ASHP identify and resolve conflicts of interest prior to an individual’s participation in development of content for an educational activity. Anyone who refuses to disclose relevant financial relationships must be disqualified from any involvement with a continuing pharmacy education activity. 

FACULTY DISCLOSURES 

Advisory Board: Ashley Hawthorne (Vericel Corporation), Zachary R. Smith (Merck), Kyle A. Weant (GlaxoSmithKline)

Consultant: David M. Hill (Shionogi Inc, Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics), Gretchen L. Sacha (Wolters Kluwer), Patrick M. Wieruszewski (Wolters Kluwer/UpToDate, Viatris Inc)

Speaker/Speaker’s Bureau: Stephanie Bass (Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals), Gabrielle A. Gibson (AstraZeneca), Ashley Hawthorne (Vericel Corporation), David M. Hill (Shionogi Inc, Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics)

Grants/Research: David M. Hill (Shionogi Inc, Access Pro Medical, Medline Industries LP, Trevena Inc)

Nothing to Disclose: Mahmoud A. Ammar, Grace E. Benanti, Paige Garber Bradshaw, Christopher A. Droege, Julie E. Farrar, Megan E. Feeney, Jamie Robenolt Gray, Mollie G. Lumpkin, Casey C. May, Eric W. Mueller, Sajni V. Patel, Jacob S. Schwarz, Keaton S. Smetana, Joanna L. Stollings, Joseph M. Swanson, Adrian Wong 

REVIEWER DISCLOSURES 

Speaker/Speaker’s Bureau: Elise Metts (AbbVie)

Nothing to Disclose: Ola A. Adejuwon, Abdullah M. Alhammad, Shannon J. Allcron, Lolowa M. Alswaidan, Daniel Blee, Kimberly Brandt, Mark Brockway, Todd Brothers, Eugene N. Bush, Austin Camp, Justin S. Chung, Stephanie R.L. Ciapala, Alexis Nobel Crawford, Brynna Crovetto, Shereen Ahmad Dasuqi, Sonia Everhart, Seth Garner, Kristin Griebe, Payal K. Gurnani, Shannon Hasara, Lawahidh Hasham, Tudy Hodgman, Miranda Howland, Jessica Hu, Savannah L. Jones, Jennifer S. Lee, Melanie R. Madorsky, Keri Mills, Bethany Mocas, Christopher Oswald, Dipti Patel, Kerry Anne Rambaran, Alyssa Robertson, Alaina Shukdinas, Angela Slampak-Cindric, Alicia P. Surber, Elizabeth C. Taylor 

All relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies listed have been mitigated. 

All other planners, presenters, reviewers, ASHP and ACCP, and others with an opportunity to control content report no financial relationships relevant to this activity. 

In accordance with our accreditor’s Standards of Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education, ASHP requires that all individuals in control of content disclose all financial relationships with ineligible companies. An individual has a relevant financial relationship if they have had a financial relationship with an ineligible company in any dollar amount in the past 24 months and the educational content that the individual controls is related to the business lines or products of the ineligible company. 

An ineligible company is any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients. The presence or absence of relevant financial relationships will be disclosed to the activity audience. 

As required by the Standards of Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education, all relevant financial relationships have been mitigated prior to the CPE activity.

Activities can be completed in any order. Each activity consists of audio, video, and/or PDFs and evaluations. Learners must review all content and complete the evaluations to receive continuing pharmacy education credit for each activity. 

Follow the prompts to claim, view, or print the statement of credit within 60 days after completing the activity. 

ASHP and ACCP collaborate on critical care pharmacy activities.

To maintain its strict, independent standards for certification, BPS does NOT endorse or provide review information, preparatory courses, or study guides for Board Certification Examinations.